ألبرت أينشتاين
The theoretical physicist who redefined space, time, and gravity — and won the 1921 Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect.
ألبرت أينشتاين عالم فيزياء نظرية وُلد في ألمانيا، وأحدثت أعماله تحولاً جذرياً في الفيزياء الحديثة. وُلد في الرابع عشر من مارس عام 1879 في مدينة أولم بولاية فورتمبيرغ الألمانية. وبعد ستة أسابيع من ولادته انتقلت أسرته إلى مدينة ميونخ حيث تلقى تعليمه الأول. وقد نشأ في ميونخ حيث أسس والده شركة للهندسة الكهربائية.
بكلماته: من محاضرة نوبل
بطاقة الجائزة
Timeline
Born in Ulm
Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany; six weeks later the family moved to Munich.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
Enters the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School
Einstein entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
Diploma and Swiss citizenship
In the year he gained his diploma, Einstein acquired Swiss citizenship and, unable to find a teaching post, accepted a position at the Swiss Patent Office.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
Doctorate and epoch-making studies
Einstein obtained his doctor's degree and began a series of epoch-making studies, including the explanation of light as quanta.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧⟦S:nobel:einstein-facts⟧ The year's landmark papers were received at the Annalen der Physik on 18 March (light quanta), 11 May (Brownian motion), 30 June (special relativity) and 27 September (mass–energy equivalence).1
Professor at the ETH Zurich; gravitation in Zurich
Einstein was appointed professor for theoretical physics at the ETH in Zurich, and in 1912 he worked predominantly on the problem of gravitation together with the mathematician Marcel Grossmann, making a break-through while still in Zurich.2
Director in Berlin
Appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin; he became a German citizen.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
General theory of relativity
Einstein published his paper on the general theory of relativity.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
The eclipse confirms the theory
Expeditions to Sobral and Principe reported measurements consistent with the general theory; Einstein became world famous on 7 November 1919.5 On 6 November 1919 the results were announced in London at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society.⟦S:britannica:albert-einstein⟧
Nobel Prize in Physics
Awarded "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"; received in 1922 after the 1921 prize was reserved.⟦S:nobel:physics-1921-summary⟧
Emigration to America
Einstein renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America, taking the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
Letter to President Roosevelt
A letter warning of the dangers of a nuclear chain reaction bomb was drafted for Einstein's signature; dated 2 August 1939, it was delivered to President Roosevelt on 11 October 1939 by Alexander Sachs.6
United States citizen
Einstein became a United States citizen; he retired from his post in 1945.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
Declines the presidency of Israel
Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel, and declined.3
Death in Princeton
Albert Einstein died at Princeton, New Jersey, aged 76.⟦S:nobel:einstein-bio⟧
Knowledge graph
المصادر والاستشهادات
كل معلومة في هذا المقال مستمدة من المصادر أدناه، والأرقام بين قوسين في النص تشير إلى المصدر المقابل.
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